Bacteria causing wound infection and their antibiotic sensitivity pattern in burn patients                    

Dr. Prashant Borde

Department Of Microbiology,

Shri. Bhausaheb Hire Govt Medical College, Dhule              

  Introduction

Bacterial  infection  of  he  wounds  in burn  patients has been a prime prime concern of surgeons world over.  As skin acts as a protective barrier against pathogen, thermal burns renders the person susceptible for many infections  bacterial infection of of such wounds can penetrate deep inside and may lead to septicaemia and could endanger life of the patients. Antibiotics were the prime medications used for he treat men of such infections, in burn patients. But soon resistant strains emerged in many hospital setup.

Bacterias that are resistant o multiple antibiotics, are major cause of morbidity and mortality among bur patents. Medical community is constant search to combat these organisms. The search for the newer and newer antibiotic has been of no use sine most of the antibiotics meet with  ability of the organisms to produce resistance. Gram negative bacterias like pseudomonas and gram positive cocci like staphylococcus are the principal pathogens having resistance , found in burn patients.

Numerous studies has demonstrated that mortality risk is significantly increased when the initial antibiotic regimen does not adequately cover the infecting pathogens selecting such s regimen is complicated by the increasing prevalence of resistance to commonly used antibiotics. Thus, for every case a detailed lab investigation is necessary to find the sensitivity and resistance pattern of thee infection organisms. This gives us an overlook of the antibiotics  which could be used against a particular organism.

Most of the antibiotics till date has not proved to e efficient against many bacterias like pseudomonas, staphylococcus and E. colli. However newer drugs are still being invented and remain efficient ill they meet with the resistance of the organisms. For the same combinations of the antibiotics could prove of some help. It is necessary to find the resistance pattern of the organisms In a particular hospital so that there is a even use of antibiotics  and prescious antibiotics are not wasted. This will stop the irrational use of the antibiotics which is responsible for the emergence of multi drug resistance in the pathogens this project has a view of finding the newer antibiotics single or in combinations  which can be used to combat the organisms in the hospital setup.

Bacterias planning for invasion

Aims And objectives

                                                                                                                     

1.To identify the organisms causing wound infection in burn patients.

2. To know the percentage of different organisms causing infections in burn patients

3. To  study the resistance pattern of the organisms .

4. To find out the available antibiotics to which the organisms are sensitive.

METHODOLOGY

 ¨ Case control study

 ¨ No. of patients screened – 50

 ¨ Patient selection- More than 10% burn 

¨ Pus swabs were collected for each case with sterile cotton swab sticks from the wounds 
    Details were recorded in case and  transported immediately to Microbiology laboratory.

 ¨ Each swabs was inoculated on blood and MacConkeys medium and the colony 

    morphology was studied.

 ¨ Organisms were identified by Gram stain, various biochemical tests as per standard 

     microbiological methods.  

                                                

                                                Antibiotic sensitivity.

        1. The colonies were picked up and mixed with the peptone   water in the test tube.

        2.  The turbidity was compared with of Mc ferland’s               standard.


¨       3.  The inoculated broth was used for antibiotic                        susceptibility test.

¨        4. Test was done by Kirby Baur disk diffusion method.

¨        5.  Anitibiotic disks were selected as per NCCLS                   guidelines. 

Antibiotic sensitivity pattern of PSEUDOMONA AERUGINOSA

 

             Antibiotic sensitivity pattern of STAPHYLOCOCCUS  AUREUS  

Antibiotic sensitivity pattern of ESCHERICHIA   COLI

                                              

OBSERVATION.

No.	Isolates.	No. of isolates	Percentage.
1.	Pseudomonas. aureginosa	17	34%
2.	Staphylococcus aureus	14	28%
3.	Escherichia coli	19	38%
4.	Klebsiella species	4	8%
5.	Proteus	1	2%

  Discussion

          Bacterial infection in the burn patient has been a very grave problem in the whole world 

planned detailed study is necessary to find the resistance pattern of such bacteria. In this 

project 50 samples were collected from which 84% were single isolate and 16 were multiple 

isolates. The organisms found in our hospital setup are pseudomonas aureginosa, 

staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, klebsiella species, proteus species. contaminant 

like gram positive cocci and streptococcus was found in 2 patients. 2 swabs were reported 

as sterile.

           There was no study conducted like this before. 

From about 50 samples 34 were found 

to be positive for pseudomonas. From those, nearly all 

were resistant to the antibiotics present in our hospital. 

Even the drugs like meropene and amikacin were not fond 

to be sensitive for pseudomonas. As sinle drugs from the 

groups like penicillin and cephalosporins were of no use 

combinations of the drugs were used. The drugs used 

were Cefoprrazone+sulbacam and Piperacillin+ 

tazobactam. From about 17 isolates of pseudomonas 

76.4% were found o be sensitive for 

piperacillin+tazobactam and intermediate sensitive for 

17.6%. sensitivity for cfoperazone+ sulbctam  was seen 

for 70.5% isolates and intermediate sensitive for 

23.5%.still 100% sensitivity was not obtained as 5.8 

of isolates were resistant for both combinations.

            

             Staphylococcus strains were nearly resistant all the 

antibiotics in our hospital setup. Resistance was found even for oxacillin. Vancomycn and 

teicoplanin were the only antibiotics for which the sensitivity was seen. However only 78.8% 

isolates were found sensitive and 7.14% were intermediate for both the antibiotics. It was 

strange that 14.28% of isolates were resistant to these antibiotics. The study was limited to 

vancomycin and teicoplanin as they were considered to be standard drugs.

            

             Maximum isolates about 38% were found of Escherichia coli. They were identified 

as lactose fermenting smooth moist colonies over macConkeys agar. Tha sensitivity pattern 

was variable. About 5.26% isolates were found completely sensitive to ceftazidime, while 

63.15% were intermediate. About 10.52% samples were intermediately sensitive to 

cefoperazone, cefuorxime and ceftriaxone. All others antibiotics were found to meet with 

resistance.

           

            75% Klebsiella isolates were sensitive intermediately  for ciprofloxacin. 25% isolates 

were completely sensitive to ciprofloxacin and none other. Proteus were 100% sensitive 

to gentamicin and ceftazidime.

             Many organisms causes infections in burn patients and they ae potentially harmful. 

Thus, selection of a perfect regimen of antibiotics is very essential. Furher, multidrug 

resistant organisms cause a great obstruction for selecting a good antibiotics. Thus a  

planned study to find out newer and newer available antibiotics  to which he organisms are 

sensitive is very important. This will reduce the irrational use of antibiotics and also will 

reduce the morbidity and mortality rate in burn patients causing reduction in hospital stay 

and reduction I medical expenditure.

CONCLUSION

¢In this study conducted on the burn patients in burn ward of  Shri Bhausaheb 

    Hire Govt Medical College, Dhule –

  34% isolates of Pseudomonas                          

   28% isolates of Staphylococcus

   48% isolates of Gram negative bacteria

         were found.

¢The combination of cefoperazone+sulbactum and piperacllin+tazobactam was 

    effective for pseudomonas aeruginosa

¢ Vancomycin and Teicoplanin was found to be sensitive for Staphylococcus aureus

¢Ceftazidime, Cefotaxime, Ciprofloxacin and Gentamicin were found sensitive for 

    Gram negative bacteria.

                               THANK YOU..............!!!

Biotechology and medicine

BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MEDICAL SCIENCE

 

 

 

Biotechnology is a new developing field or I must say a very developed field in the field of science. It has developed many researches which have helped many faculties of science. Medicine is one of the field which it has supported for treating many diseases or if not diseases then for physiotherapy. Here below you will come across many research which biotechnology has contributed to health. Have a wonderful tour down here........

 

 

 

1. Decay-Fighting Microbes

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Bacteria living on teeth convert sugar into lactic acid, which erodes enamel and causes tooth decay. Florida-based company ONI BioPharma has engineered a new bacterial strain, called SMaRT, that cannot produce lactic acid—plus, it releases an antibiotic that kills the natural decay-causing strain. Dentists will only need to swab SMaRT, now in clinical trials, onto teeth once to keep them healthy for a lifetime.

 

 

 

2. Artificial Lymph Nodes

 

Scientists from Japan's RIKEN Institute have developed artificial versions of lymph nodes, organs that produce immune cells for fighting infections. Though they could one day replace diseased nodes, the artificial ones may initially be used as customized immune boosters. Doctors could fill the nodes with cells specifically geared to treat certain conditions, such as cancer or HIV. I really doubt if this will work……..

 

 

3. Asthma Sensor

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Asthma accounts for a quarter of all emergency room visits in the U.S., but a sensor developed at the University of Pittsburgh may finally cause that number to plummet. Inside the handheld device, a polymer-coated carbon nanotube—100,000 times thinner than a human hair—analyzes breath for minute amounts of nitric oxide, a gas that lungs produce prior to asthma attacks.

 

4. Cancer Spit Test

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Forget biopsies—a device designed by researchers at the University of California-Los Angeles detects oral cancer from a single drop of saliva. Proteins that are associated with cancer cells react with dyes on the sensor, emitting fluorescent light that can be detected with a microscope. Engineer Chih-Ming Ho notes that the same principle could be applied to make saliva-based diagnostic tests for many diseases.

 

5. Biological Pacemaker

 

Electronic pacemakers save lives, but use hardware that eventually wears out. Now, researchers at several universities are developing a battery less alternative: pacemaker genes expressed in stem cells that are injected into damaged regions of the heart. Better suited for physical exertion, biological pacemakers have been shown to bring slow canine hearts back up to speed without complications. That’s really a good move……

 

6. Prosthetic Feedback

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

One challenge of prosthetic limbs is that they're difficult to monitor. "You and I sense where our limbs are spatially without having to look at them, whereas amputees don't," says Stanford University graduate student Karlin Bark. Skin is sensitive to being stretched—it can detect even small changes in direction and intensity—so Bark is developing a device that stretches an amputee's skin near the prosthesis in ways that provide feedback about the limb's position and movement.

 

7. Smart Contact Lens

 

 

Glaucoma, the second-leading cause of blindness, develops when pressure builds inside the eye and damages retinal cells. Contact lenses developed at the University of California-Davis contain conductive wires that continuously monitor pressure and fluid flow within the eyes of at-risk people. The lenses then relay information to a small device worn by the patient; the device wirelessly transmits it to a computer. This constant data flow will help doctors better understand the causes of the disease. Future lenses may also automatically dispense drugs in response to pressure changes.

 

 

8. Speech Restorer

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

For people who have lost the ability to talk, a new "phonetic speech engine" from Illinois-based Ambient Corporation provides an audible voice. Developed in conjunction with Texas Instruments, the Audeo uses electrodes to detect neuronal signals traveling from the brain to the vocal cords. Patients imagine slowly sounding out words; then the quarter-size device (located in a neck brace) wirelessly transmits those impulses to a computer or cellphone, which produces speech.

 

9. Absorbable Heart Stent

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Stents open arteries that have become narrowed or blocked because of coronary artery disease. Drug-eluting stents release medication that keeps the artery from narrowing again. The bio-absorbable version made by Abbott Laboratories in Illinois goes one step further: Unlike metal stents, it does its job and disappears. After six months the stent begins to dissolve, and after two years it's completely gone, leaving behind a healthy artery.

 

 

10. Muscle Stimulator

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

In the time it takes for broken bones to heal, nearby muscles often atrophy from lack of use. Israeli company StimuHeal solves that problem with the MyoSpare, a battery-operated device that uses electrical stimulators—small enough to be worn underneath casts—to exercise muscles and keep them strong during recovery.

 

11. Nerve Regenerator

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Nerve fibers can't grow along injured spinal cords because scar tissue gets in the way. A nanogel developed at Northwestern University eliminates that impediment. Injected as a liquid, the nanogel self-assembles into a scaffold of nanofibers. Peptides expressed in the fibers instruct stem cells that would normally form scar tissue to produce cells that encourage nerve development. The scaffold, meanwhile, supports the growth of new axons up and down the spinal cord.

 

12. Stabilizing Insoles

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

When Erez Lieberman's grandmother suffered a dangerous fall, he wanted to ensure it never happened again. "But it wasn't till a few years later at NASA that I found a way to channel that into something tangible," says the MIT graduate student. Using technology developed to monitor the balance of astronauts who have just returned from space, Lieberman's iShoe analyzes the pressure distribution of the feet. Doctors can use the insole to diagnose balance problems in elderly patients before falls occur.

 

 

13. Smart Pill

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

California-based Proteus Biomedical has engineered sensors that track medication use by recording the exact time drugs are ingested. Sand-grain-size microchips emit high-frequency electrical currents that are logged by Band-Aid-like receivers on the skin. The receivers also monitor heart rate and respiration and wirelessly transmit the data to a computer. "To really improve pharmaceuticals, we need to do what is now common in every other industry—embed digital technology into existing products and network them," says David O'Reilly, senior vice president of corporate development.

 

 

14. Autonomous Wheelchair

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

MIT researchers have developed an autonomous wheelchair that can take people where they ask to go. The chair learns about its environment by listening as a patient identifies locations—such as "this is my room" or "we're in the kitchen"—and builds maps using Wi-Fi, which works well indoors (unlike GPS). The current model, which is now being tested, may one day be equipped with cameras, laser rangefinders and a collision- avoidance system

 

 

15. Gastrointestinal Liner

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Obesity is associated with type II diabetes, which over time wears out the pancreas. A gastrointestinal liner developed by Massachusetts-based GI Dynamics may restore the obese to a healthy weight by preventing food from contacting the intestinal wall. The Endobarrier is routed endoscopically through the mouth—unlike a gastric bypass, no surgery is necessary—and lines the first 2 ft of the small intestine, where the most calories are absorbed (nutrients are still absorbed farther down the intestine).

 

 

16. Liver Scanner

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

How healthy is your liver? Until recently, answering that question often required a painful biopsy. French company EchoSens has developed a machine that scans the organ for damage in just 5 minutes. Studies have shown that damaged livers become stiffer and less elastic, so the scanner, called the Fibroscan, measures the organ's elasticity using ultrasound.

 

 

17. Nanoscale Adhesive

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Gecko feet are covered with nano-size hairs that exploit intermolecular forces, allowing the lizards to stick firmly to surfaces. By replicating this nanoscale topography, MIT scientists have developed an adhesive that can seal wounds or patch a hole caused by a stomach ulcer. The adhesive is elastic, waterproof and made of material that breaks down as the injury heals.

 

 

18. Portable Dialysis

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

More than 15 million adult Americans suffer from diseases of the kidneys, which often impair the ability of the organs to remove toxins from the blood. Standard dialysis involves three long sessions at a hospital per week. But an artificial kidney developed by Los Angeles-based Xcorporeal can clean blood around the clock. The machine is fully automated, battery-operated, waterproof and, at less than 5 pounds, portable.

 

19. Walking Simulator

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Stroke victims are being tricked into recovering more quickly with a virtual-reality rehabilitation program developed at the University of Portsmouth in Britain. As patients walk on a treadmill, they see moving images that fool their brains into thinking they are walking slower than they are. As a result, patients not only walk faster and farther, but experience less pain while doing so.

 

 

20. Rocket-Powered Arm

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Adding strength to prosthetic limbs has typically required bulky battery packs. Vanderbilt University scientist Michael Goldfarb came up with an alternative power source: rocket propellant. Goldfarb's prosthetic arm can lift 20 pounds—three to four times more than current prosthetics—thanks to a pencil-size version of the mono-propellant rocket-motor system used to maneuver the space shuttle in orbit. Hydrogen peroxide powers the arm for 18 hours of normal activity.

 

THANK YOU.......

 

 



Funny medical jokes

FUNNY MEDICAL JOKES

THE  FACT.....................!!!!

                                     



And thats a molar solution,isnt it.....???

                                   

    

What a dentist thinks about a BLUETOOTH......!!!! 

 

 

    Is your child fit to handle a FACEBOOK........?????

 

When a unspoken communication happens between GIRLS......!!!

 

When an unspoken communcation happens between GUYS....!!!

 

 

                               The chemistry of neurotransmitters in your brain in different situations